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* '''Combined ingredients''' - an ingredient might appear as a single ingredient. In reality however
 
* '''Combined ingredients''' - an ingredient might appear as a single ingredient. In reality however
 
* '''Processed ingredients''' - often an ingredient is derived from an other ingredient through some process. We can make explicit what these processes are. Example [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/clarified-butter clarified butter] is created from [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/butter butter] by separating the [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/milk-solids milk solids] and [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/water water] from the [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/butterfat butterfat].
 
* '''Processed ingredients''' - often an ingredient is derived from an other ingredient through some process. We can make explicit what these processes are. Example [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/clarified-butter clarified butter] is created from [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/butter butter] by separating the [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/milk-solids milk solids] and [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/water water] from the [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/butterfat butterfat].
* '''Ingredient incompleteness''' - often an ingredient is incomplete defined in an ingredient list. For instance if an ingredient-list specifies [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/milk milk], it should be defined from which mammal the milk comes from, for instance [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/cow-s-milk cow's milk].
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* '''Ingredient incompleteness''' - often an ingredient is incomplete defined in an ingredient list. For instance if an ingredient-list specifies [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/milk milk], it should be defined from which mammal the milk comes from, for instance [https://world.openfoodfacts.org/ingredient/cow-s-milk cow's milk].  
    
== Theory ==
 
== Theory ==
 
What theory can be used to base an food ingredients taxonomy on? Is there already a food ontology somewhere?
 
What theory can be used to base an food ingredients taxonomy on? Is there already a food ontology somewhere?
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=== OWL ===
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I get the impression that OWL is the most accepted markup language to exchange semantic networks.
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=== Tools ===
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Discovering Protégé from Stanford at the moment.
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=== Existing ontologies ===
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==== Languages ====
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Several language ontologies exist:
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* [http://linkedvocabs.org/lingvoj/ Lingvoj] seems to be a languages ontology, which is available in rdf. It seems however that no all required data is available in the rdf-download.
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* The EU has a XML and SKOS download ([http://publications.europa.eu/mdr/authority/language/ Language NAL]).
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* [http://www.lexvo.org Lexvo] (RDF-file can not be loaded by Protégé)
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These solutions seem to be overkill for our needs.
    
== Instances ==
 
== Instances ==
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* '''Compound ingredients''' - sometimes an ingredient list will contain a compound ingredient, i.e. an ingredient (product?) that consists of other ingredients.
 
* '''Compound ingredients''' - sometimes an ingredient list will contain a compound ingredient, i.e. an ingredient (product?) that consists of other ingredients.
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===Non-ingredient list nodes ===
 
===Non-ingredient list nodes ===
 
It is tempting to add nodes, which do not appear on any ingredients list. Such nodes might help in organizing the ontology. For the moment however we refrain from adding non-ingredient list nodes.
 
It is tempting to add nodes, which do not appear on any ingredients list. Such nodes might help in organizing the ontology. For the moment however we refrain from adding non-ingredient list nodes.
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Maybe I can make a drawing of a part of the ontology.
 
Maybe I can make a drawing of a part of the ontology.
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== Taxonomy ==
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== Ontology Usage ==
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The goal is to obtain an ontology that can be used by OFF to analyse the ingredients in an ingredient list. One could envisage the following steps:
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# The ingredient instance/entry/individual is entered into the inference engine
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# The engine infers a Ingredient Class and its subclasses
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# The results can be presented to the user and will explain what the class is, how it is related to other Ingredient Classes, how the Ingredient Class is created from other classes and it will show what the ingredient entry does not tell.
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# The user can select the language in which he wants to see the results.
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== OFF Taxonomy ==
 
The ontology should be usable as the translations taxonomy. This taxonomy lists all ingredients, their synonyms and their translations. This taxonomy is already in use.
 
The ontology should be usable as the translations taxonomy. This taxonomy lists all ingredients, their synonyms and their translations. This taxonomy is already in use.
  
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