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[[Category:Eco-Score]]
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[[Category:Environment]]
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[[Category:Recycling]]
 
== Intro ==
 
== Intro ==
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In January 2021 the eco-score has been launched. The eco-score is a label that indicates the environmental impact of a product. It is based on the lifecycle of ingredients in a product and their relative impact. This impact has been assessed for the agricultural methods used in France.
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Although the eco-score is based on France, OFF would like to extend the eco-score to other countries. This involves adding the country specific aspects for:
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* [[Eco-score labels - en|labels]]
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* [[Eco-score recycling - en|packaging]]
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* [[Eco-score transport - en|logistics]]
 
This document describes how the eco-score packaging malus can be extended to other countries.
 
This document describes how the eco-score packaging malus can be extended to other countries.
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The downstream score is determined by the following formula:
 
The downstream score is determined by the following formula:
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  score=A∗1+B∗0.5+C∗0
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  score=A * 1 + B * 0.5 + C * 0
    
in which
 
in which
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For each country these percentages might be different, depending how well the materials can be separated. Note that these are not the percentages of packagings produced and returned. The percentage mentioned for France seem on the positive side and assume no rejected streams.
 
For each country these percentages might be different, depending how well the materials can be separated. Note that these are not the percentages of packagings produced and returned. The percentage mentioned for France seem on the positive side and assume no rejected streams.
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Different recycling numbers go around, depending on the definition:
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* recycling percentage - the fraction of packing returned to the total distribution. It tells how effective the consumers return their packaging;
    
== Individual countries ==
 
== Individual countries ==
For each country we need to find the relevant up- and downstream data. This turns out to be hard. The data does not always seem to exist.  
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For each country we need to find the relevant up- and downstream data. This turns out to be hard. The data does not always seem to exist. There are however a lot of documents on recycling intentions.
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The production of packaging is often an EU activity. So it is hard to find national numbers. Often they are also organised on a European level. Some players:
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* Aluminium - [https://european-aluminium.eu/ European Aluminium], report on Aluminium in Packaging.(https://european-aluminium.eu/about-aluminium/aluminium-in-use/packaging/); Every Can Counts (https://everycancounts.eu/)
    
For countries of the EU, the [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statistics Eurostat database] is a good start for downstream statistics.
 
For countries of the EU, the [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statistics Eurostat database] is a good start for downstream statistics.
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=== Belgium ===
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Some sources:
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* [https://recyclingnetwerk.org/2018/06/07/factcheck-werkelijke-recyclagecijfers-zijn-lager-dan-wat-fost-plus-beweert/ Recycling Network Factcheck]
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==== Upstream ====
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The list of upstream materials on the eco-score page, only has a few materials, which are affected by a recycling component (Acier, Aluminium, Verre, Carton/Papier, PET, plastique (autre)). For the others the given numbers can be transposed to other countries right away.
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We need numbers for the usage of recycled materials in new packaging. So not the recycled percentage in general. To find these numbers I looked at the specific industries:
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# paper - [http://www.cobelpa.be Cobelpa]. The number seems to 59% (Utilisation rate (Recovered Paper utilisation as a % of paper & board production);
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# glass - [https://www.vgi-fiv.be/nl/ Glass Industry]. The reuse percentage for glass packaging seems to be 50%. (the other recycled glass will be used for other glass products)
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# metal - this can be 100% reused, without adding new material
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# PET bottles - the recycled bottles seem to be used for low grade products ([https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/10/02/slechts-helft-plastic-flessen-en-flacons-wordt-gerecycleerd.app/ VRT]). The article claims a 5% actual re-use.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
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! Material !! Recycled (A) !! Durable (B) !! Non-durable !! Non-renewable
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|-
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| Metal || 100% || 0% || 0% || 0%
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|-
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| Glass || 50% || 0% || 0% || 50%
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|-
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| Paper/Carton || 59% || 0% || 41% || 0%
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|-
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| Bottles, PET || 5% || 0% || 0% || 95%
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|-
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| Other plastics || 0% || 0% || 0% || 100%
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|}
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=== Belgium ===
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==== Downstream ====
 
The first step is to find the players involved in recycling. For Belgium these are:
 
The first step is to find the players involved in recycling. For Belgium these are:
 
* [https://www.fostplus.be/ Fostplus] - the organisation that organises the handling of household waste;
 
* [https://www.fostplus.be/ Fostplus] - the organisation that organises the handling of household waste;
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* [https://statbel.fgov.be/ Statbel] - the national institute for statistics. They have a [https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/leefmilieu/afval-en-vervuiling/verpakkingsafval section] on packaging.
 
* [https://statbel.fgov.be/ Statbel] - the national institute for statistics. They have a [https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/leefmilieu/afval-en-vervuiling/verpakkingsafval section] on packaging.
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==== Upstream ====
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No numbers found yet.
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==== Downstream ====
   
Fostplus recognises several material categories. The most recent numbers can be found on [http://com.fostplus.be/activiteitenverslag2019nl/welkom/ 2019]. or [https://www.ovam.be/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20201210_rapport_huishoudelijk_afval_en_gelijkaardige_bedrijfsafval_2019_0.pdf here].
 
Fostplus recognises several material categories. The most recent numbers can be found on [http://com.fostplus.be/activiteitenverslag2019nl/welkom/ 2019]. or [https://www.ovam.be/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20201210_rapport_huishoudelijk_afval_en_gelijkaardige_bedrijfsafval_2019_0.pdf here].
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=== Germany ===
 
=== Germany ===
 
=== Netherlands ===
 
=== Netherlands ===
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Various links on recycling (most in dutch):
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* [https://recyclingnederland.nl Recycling Nederland] - news on recycling;
    
==== Upstream ====
 
==== Upstream ====
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* Glass - the part of recycled glass in new glass depends on the glass colour ([https://www.duurzaamglas.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/factsheet-glas-als-verpakkingsmateriaal.pdf link]): transparant (60%), green (95%) and brown (85%).
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* Glass - the part of recycled glass in new glass depends on the glass colour ([https://www.duurzaamglas.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/factsheet-glas-als-verpakkingsmateriaal.pdf link]): transparant (60%), green (95%) and brown (85%). The producer [http://www.maltha.nl/nl-nl Maltha] talks of 80% for brown (beer) bottles
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==== Downstream ====
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* PMD - of the plastics 8% is unusable ([https://recyclingnederland.nl/soort/pmd-recycling/ Recycling Network]). [https://www.plasticrecyclingamsterdam.nl/ Plastic Recycling Amsterdam] is able to sift the plastic in four types (HDPE, PP, PET, PS) with 99% purity. They claim that the current sift process has 40% waste.
    
== Labels ==
 
== Labels ==

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